Many people see the 2nd Amendment to the United States Constitution as the source of their gun rights. While it was an important part of the American Revolution for a government to recognize that such a right existed, the right to bear arms is among the most fundamental human rights and preexisted any documentation. For this reason gun rights could be called “gun rights,” “the right to self-defense,” or any number of other terms implying origins under Natural Law. Natural Law can be defined from a number of angles. For Christians such as myself, it’s an undeniable set of principals and rights that are obvious to the human conscience as given to them by God. For others, the Roman Statesman Marcu Tullius Cicero stated it quite well that “…there exists a law, not written down anywhere but inborn in our hearts; a law which comes to us not by training but by natural intuition (1).” In my view, using the term “second amendment rights” is completely inappropriate, as the 2nd Amendment did not create or grant such rights, it simply recognized them and codified them into the very foundation of US law.
This is the first of a few posts that I will write on gun rights. First, we need to ensure that we have a solid foundation for why the right to bear arms is fundamental. Then, we can discuss what’s wrong and what should be done at the personal, local, state, and federal level to ensure that those rights are defended from government infringement at all levels.
A Short History of the Right to Bear Arms
The idea of a right to bear arms isn’t new. It has been in Western philosophy for at least 2400 years, and I’ll list some notable philosophers that developed and supported the concept.
- Plato’s philosophy is close to that of the Founders of the United States in that the purpose of bearing arms was not just self-defense, but in order to oppose tyranny. In his work The Republic, he walked through the process of tyranny where tyrants disarm their subjects early in the process. A tyrant’s worst abuses follow, when he can’t be forcibly opposed (2).
- Aristotle was a student of Plato. In his book Politics he wrote that each citizen should earn a living, participate in politics, and should bear arms. He didn’t favor a division of labor where primary foundational aspects of civilization would be handed off to other people or other classes. In Politics he explained that the unarmed would become “all but slaves of the warrior class (3).” He also saw the possession of arms as equivalent to political power. If we, as libertarians, believe in decentralization of power, it makes sense that we should be armed.
- Marcu Tullius Cicero, a Roman Statesman and an advocate of republicanism stated the right to bear arms very well in a manner stemming from Natural Rights. “There exists a law, not written down anywhere, but in our hearts; a law which comes to us not by training or custom or reading; a law which has come to us not from theory but from practice; not by instruction by natural intuition: I refer to the law which lays it down that, of our lives are endangered by plots or violence or armed robbers or enemies, any and every method of protecting ourselves is morally right (4).”
- The theologies of St. Augustine (5th century) and St. Thomas Aquinas (13th century) also recognize self-defense as a natural right. Their Catholic perspective places limits on how that is exercised and what intentions are sinful vs. virtuous, but their writings do reflect the existence of such a right (5).
- John Locke favored government based on mutual consent, with the natural right to overthrow a despotic government with statements such as “…I should have a right to destroy that which threatens me with destruction.” In his Two Treatises on Civil Government he favored citizen soldiers. This means that he favored an armed citizenry and, hence, the right to bear arms as the Founders of the United States did (6).
As Seen by the Founders
Any honest student of US history and the philosophy of the Founders will find the obvious intent of the US Constitution and the Second Amendment to be obvious. A war of secession had been fought where the colonies separated themselves from what was then the largest empire in the world. A true revolution had already taken place in the minds of that generation and they were throwing off the tyrannical rule of a government that recognized no limitations to its powers. In Parliament’s American Colonies Act of 1766 it actually claimed the power to rule the colonies “in all matters whatsoever (7),” with no allowances for self-rule or local governance. So, here’s a summary of the approach taken by the US Constitution on the topic of bearing arms:
- The US Constitution was written giving only very specific powers to the federal government. Among those, no power was listed to control the ownership of firearms.
- The Ninth Amendment, in its entirety, reads “The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.” This amendment made it clear that the people’s rights didn’t have to be spelled out in the Bill of Rights to be valid.
- The Tenth Amendment, in its entirety, reads “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” This reiterated that the US Constitution states only what the federal government can do, and any powers not listed in the Constitution belonged to the states and/or the people.
- With the Ninth and Tenth Amendments above provided excellent clarification on how the US Constitution is supposed to work, it is clear that a right to keep and bear arms would be preserved under the Constitution even without a Second Amendment. However, it was so vitally important to the Founders that the Second Amendment explicitly stated “A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” Meaning that the federal government has precisely ZERO power to limit the rights of the people.
Note that rights were defined as negative rather than positive by the Founders. So, the “right of the people to keep and bear Arms” doesn’t mean that weapons should be provided to individuals by the government, it means that government should stay the hell out of the way on the issue.
Libertarian Party Philosophy
For members of the (national) Libertarian Party, the party’s official platform includes the topic of self-defense and the right to bear arms:
Self- Defense. The only legitimate use of force is in defense of individual rights — life, liberty, and justly acquired property — against aggression. This right inheres in the individual, who may agree to be aided by any other individual or group. We affirm the individual right recognized by the Second Amendment to keep and bear arms, and oppose the prosecution of individuals for exercising their rights of self-defense. Private property owners should be free to establish their own conditions regarding the presence of person defense weapons on their own property. We oppose all laws at any level of government restricting, registering, or monitoring the ownership, manufacture, or transfer of firearms, ammunition, or firearm accessories.
As somebody whose philosophy is libertarian (lower case “l”) and a member of the Libertarian Party (upper case “L”), I believe that the philosophy and the party are well-aligned on this topic. I also believe that this philosophy has solid support in the very foundations of Western culture. These are values that we should be willing to fight and defend.
What’s Next?
This was only a very quick overview on the topic of the natural right to bear arms. I’m going to write more articles on the topic of bearing arms. The next one will be about the problem, namely that the two large political parties and the largest “pro-gun” organization in this country all display serious flaws in the policies that they pursue. They’ve all been working against your right to bear arms and you need to know about it! After that, I’ll be writing about what we need to actually do about it!
What Can You Do?
- Read up on Natural Rights, the foundations of Western culture, and how the Founders viewed the right to bear arms.
- Reach out to me to discuss the topic in more depth.
- Look into the Tenth Amendment Center’s podcast The Path to Liberty, where you can learn a lot more about the Founders, liberty, and decentralization.
- Join the Libertarian Party and the Libertarian Party of Ohio (or whatever state you live in). Get involved! Help us to make this a major topic at the state and local level.